The Microfinance Profile Growth In India Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3726 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Microfinance has emerged as an important sector in many countries for providing financial services such as savings, credit, insurance and remittance services to the poor. Microfinance has become a global phenomenon. Governments, central banks, donors, practitioners, and other development agencies promoting microfinance are increasingly involved in the developing suitable policy initiative for meeting local needs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Microfinance Profile Growth In India Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In India, a range of institutions in the public sector as well as the primary sector, offers microfinance services. These can be broadly categorized into two categories namely, formal institutions. The formal category comprises apex development financial institutions, commercial banks, regional rural banks, and cooperative banks that provide microfinance services in addition to their general banking activities and are referred as to as microfinance service providers. On the other hand, semi-formal institutions that undertake microfinance services as their main activity are generally referred to as microfinance institutions (MFI). While both private and public ownership are found in the case of formal financial institutions offering microfinance services, the MFI are mainly in the private sector. Microfinance service providers Microfinance service providers include apex institutions like National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), and Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK). At the retail level, commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs) and cooperative banks provide microfinance services. Today, there are about , over 60000 retail credit outlets of the formal banking sector in the rural areas comprising 12000 branches of district level cooperative banks, over 14000 branches of the regional rural banks (RRBs) and over 30000 rural and semi-urban branches of commercial banks besides over 90000 cooperative credit societies at the village level. On an average, physical reaching out to the far -flung areas of the country to provide savings, credit and other banking services to rural society in general, is un-paralled achievement of the Indian banking system. However, discussion on microfinance through formal banking institutions are excluded attempt made to deal with various aspects relating to emergence of the private microfinance industry in the context of prevailing legal and regulatory environment for private sector rural and microfinance operators. Emergence of Private Microfinance Industry The microfinance initiative in the private sector can be traced to the initiative undertaken by Ela Bhatt for providing banking services to the poor women employed in the unorganized sector in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Shri Mahila SEWA (Self Employed Womens Association) Sahakari Bank was set up in 1974 by registering it as an urban cooperative bank. Since then, the bank has been providing banking services to poor self-employed women working as hawkers, vendors, domestic servants, and so on. In the midst of the apparent inadequacies of the formal financial system to cater to the financial needs of the rural poor, NABARD sponsored an action research project in 1987 through an NGO called MYRADA. For this purpose a grant of Rs 1 million was provided to MYRADA for an RD programme relates to credit groups. Encouraged by the results of the field level experiment in group- based approach for lending to the poor, NABARD launched a pilot project in 1991-92 In partnership with non-governmenta l organization for promotion and grooming self help groups of homogeneous members and keeping savings with existing banks and within the existing legal framework. MFI AND LEGAL FORMS Legal form of MFI in India Types of MFI Estimated Number* Legal Acts under which Registered Not for Profit MFI a.) NGO MFI 400 to 500 Societies Registration Act, 1860 or similar Provincial Acts Indian Trust Act, 1882 b.) Non-profit Companies 10 Section 25 of the Companies Act, 1956 Mutual Benefit MFI Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies (MACS) and similarly set up institutions 318 Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies Act enacted by State Government For Profit MFI Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) 6 Indian Companies Act, 1956 Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 NGO MFI: There are a large number of NGOs that have undertaken the task of financial intermediation. Majority of these NGOs are registered as Trust or Society. Many NGOs have also helped SHGs to organize themselves into federations and these federations are registered as Trusts or Societies. Many of these federations are performing non-financial and financial functions like social and capacity building activities, facilitate training of SHGs, undertake internal audit, promote new groups, and some of these federations are engaged in financial intermediation. The NGO MFI vary significantly in there size, philosophy and approach. Therefore these NGOs are structurally not the right type of institutions for undertaking financial intermediation activities, as the byelaws of these institutions are generally restrictive in allowing any commercial operations. These organiza tions by there charter are nonprofit organizations and as a result face several problems in borrowing funds from higher financial institutions. The NGO MFI, which are large in number, are still outside the purview of any financial regulation. Non-Profit Companies as MFI: (Non-Profit Section 25 NBFC-MFI) Many NGOs felt that combining financial intermediation with there core competency activity of social intermediation is not the right path. It was felt that a financial institution including a company set up for this purpose better does banking function. Further, if MFI are to demonstrate that banking with the poor is indeed profitable and sustainable, it has to function as a distinct institution so that cross subsidization can be avoided. On account of these factors, NGO MFI are of late setting up a separate Non-Profit Companies for there micro finance operations. MFI is prohibited form paying dividend to its member. Mutual Benefit MFI: Several State Governments therefore enact ed the Mutually Aided Co-operative Societies (MACS) Act for enabling promotion of self-reliant and vibrant co-operative Societies based on thrift and self-help. MACS enjoy the advantages of operational freedom and virtually no interference from government because of the provision in the Act that societies under the Act cannot accept share capital or loan from the State Government. Many of the SHG federations, promoted by NGOs and development agencies of the State Government, have been registered as MACS. Reserve Bank of India, even though they may be providing financial service to its members, does not regulate MACS. For Profit MFI: Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC) are companies registered under Companies Act, 1956 and regulated by Reserve Bank of India. Earlier, NBFCs were not regulated by RBI but in 1997 it was made obligatory for NBFCs to apply to RBI for a certificate of registration and for this certificate NBFCs were to have minimum Net Owned Funds of Rs 25 lakhs and this amount has been gradually increased. RBI introduced a new regulatory framework for those NBFCs who want to accept public deposits. All the NBFCs accepting public deposits are subjected to capital adequacy requirements and prudential norms. There are only a few MFI in the country that are registered as NBFCs CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS NGO-MFI, non-profit section 25 company mFI, and cooperative MFI are regulates by specific Act under which they are registered and not by the Reserve Bank of India. These are therefore not subjected to minimal capital requirements or prudential norms. These MFI desiring to become NBFCs are required to have a minimum entry capital requirement of Rs 2 Crore. As regards prudential norms, NBFCs are required to achieve capital adequacy of 12 per cent and maintain liquid assets of 15 per cent on public deposits. FOREIGN INVESTMENT Foreign investment by way if equity is permitted in NBFC-MFI subjected to a minimum investment of US$ 500,000. INTEREST RATES Interest rates are deregulated not only for private MFI but also for the formal banking sector. In the context of softening of the interest rate s in the formal banking sector, the comparatively higher interest rate (12 to 26 per cent per annum) charged by the MFI has become a contentious issue. The high interest rate collected by MFI from their poor clients is being perceived as exploitative. It is argued that raising interest rates too high could undermine the social and economic impact on poor clients. As most MFI have lower business volumes their transactions costs are far higher than those of formal banking channels, the high-cot structure of MFI could affect their sustainability in the long run. COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS All legal forms of MFI can waive physical collateral requirements from their clients. The credit guideline of the RBI allow even banks to wave any type of collateral and margin requirement for loans up to Rs 50000. Current status 2009-2010 The Indian microfinance sector presents a strong growth story. Its growth performance was impressively sustained through the liquidity crunch and continued at an increased rate in the second half of 2009. As of March 2009, the MFI in India reported a client base of 22.6 million with an outstanding portfolio of more than $2 billion. Over the past five years, the sector has delivered a CAGR of 86% in the number of borrowers and 96% in portfolio outstanding. In the 12 months from March 2008 to March 2009, the microfinance industry experienced a 59% growth in its client base from 14.2 million to 22.6 million and 52% growth in its portfolio outstanding which increased from $1.5 billion to $2.3 billion.8 this reflects a 14% increase in the absolute growth in portfolio outstanding and 33% increase in the absolute growth in the number of borrowers from 2008 to 2009. Table 1.1 Past trend of loan to SHG. Year Ending March 31st 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Outstanding Portfolio($ million) $80 $252 $496 $824 $1,535 $2,346 Growth Rate 215.00% 96.80% 66.10% 86.30% 52.80% Borrowers (million) 1 2.3 4.9 7.9 14.2 22.6 Growth Rate 130.00% 113.00% 61.20% 79.80% 59.20% Source: Microfinance India State of the Sector Report 2009 National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) NABARD is the apex financial institution for agriculture and rural development. We examine the role of NABARD in microfinance later. But the linkage between banks and NABARD is worth a discussion. NABARD is expected to re-finance the rural portfolio of the banks and cooperatives. With the falling interest rates, banks do not find it attractive to borrow from NABARD. The other role that NABARD performs is to manage the Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF). In case the banks are unable to achieve the priority sector lending targets for agriculture, the banks are expected to deposit the shortfall with NABARD under the RIDF. This fund is used by NABARD to fund rural infrastructure projects. While the banks falling short of there targets have been depositing the amounts with NABARD, NABARD has not deployed these funds effectively. NABARD has disbursed only around Rs.13,000 crores out of the total corpus Rs. 23,000 crores available under various phases of RIDF. Therefore the amou nt that should have rightfully reached the rural economy has not reached them, either directly or indirectly. Policy Support Given the governments pledge to economic reforms with a human face, it is not surprising that the current finance minister is generally considered to be supportive of microfinance. The states commitment to combating poverty is hardly a new phenomenon. Over the last forty years, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has encouraged a significant expansion of bank branches in rural areas in order to extend credit services to disadvantaged groups, including small and marginal farmers, rural artisans, and other small borrowers. RBI has also required commercial banks to direct 40 percent of there lending to poorer members of society and to priority sectors such as agriculture. The governments 1982 Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) was one of the largest poverty alleviation programs to include a microfinance component. Today, national development banks play a crucial role in the growth of microfinance. Despite general support for microfinance, there appears to be a tension between promotion of the sector and client protection. RBI has thus forbidden MFI from taking public savings that would reduce there cost of capital. A similar tension exists at the state level as well, though some states are more active in microfinance than others. Andhra Pradeshs (AP) Mutually Aided Cooperative Societies Act, which is being replicated in other parts of the country, greatly simplifies the formation and supervision of groups that can access microfinance services on behalf of there members. APs populist mandate, however, sometimes serves to undermine credit, as is exemplified by the decision that farmers need not repay the principle on a loan for the first six months, unless they are borrowing from a bank. MARKET TRENDS As the Indian microfinance sector matures, c expects the year-on-year growth rate to decline to still high, but more sustainable levels. Over the next four years, Lok Capital projects the number of borrowers to grow at 34%, which is 60% less than the historical 5-year CAGR of 86% and the portfolio outstanding to grow at 40%, which is 58% less than the historical 5-year CAGR of 96%. Even with these cautious assumptions, Lok Capital expects MFI borrowers to increase from 22.6 million to 64 million and portfolio outstanding to increase from $2 billion to $8 billion by 2012. With maturity, MFIs will have to begin reassessing and re-engineering their growth strategies in a couple of years. They will have to take into account market opportunities and risks and adjust their geographical exposure, client base and product offering to remain competitive. Hints of market conditions that MFIs will have to navigate in the coming years are present even today, and MFIs are beginning to recognize these factors as they continue to grow. Below we explore the changing market dynamics in terms geographical spread of microfinance, client profile and product offerings and evaluate how MFIs might respond. Despite the rapid expansion of microfinance, large areas of India continue to be underserved. Lok Capital estimates that the penetration potential of the existing microfinance model is between approximately 43 million and 52 million households, out of which 22.6 million are existing customers. This implies an unaddressed demand of 20million to 29 million customers. Currently, as many as 54% of all microfinance clients are concentrated in the Southern States: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.15 Alternatively, there is an extremely limited microfinance presence in the North and North-east. MFIs are beginning to realize, however, that the South is becoming overly saturated and there is a commercial need to expand to newer geographies to ensure continued growth and mai ntain the quality of their portfolio. It has become imperative that MFIs diversify their operational base and limit overexposure to heavily serviced areas and clients. The Karnataka episode (detailed below) has demonstrated the urgent need to re-engineer expansion strategies to avoid over-lending to a cluster of clients and hedge against regional disturbances, economic, political and social. 54% of all microfinance clients are concentrated in the Southern States: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.15 Alternatively, there is an extremely limited microfinance presence in the North and North-east. MFIs are beginning to realize, however, that the South is becoming overly saturated and there is a commercial need to expand to newer geographies to ensure continued growth an maintain the quality of their portfolio. It has become imperative that MFIs diversify their operational base and limit overexposure to heavily serviced areas and clients. The Karnataka episode (detailed be low) has demonstrated the urgent need to re-engineer expansion strategies to avoid over-lending to a cluster of clients and hedge against regional disturbances, economic, political and social. CLIENT PROFILE We have begun to see greater microfinance activity in states such as Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, but MFIs are approaching the North and North-east with more caution and hesitancy because these areas present a very different type of client base compared to South or Central India. Nonetheless, the trend toward expanding in uncharted territories will continue, albeit slowly. In addition, MFIs are trying to start tapping different portions of the low income segment. Thus far, a very narrow band of the low-income population segment has been served through microfinance. There is an ultra-poor segment as well as a wealthier one which have drastically different needs and capacities from the segment currently being served. Small efforts are underway to explore these segments needs and capacities and evaluate what kind of products and services would allow them to be brought under the financial inclusion umbrella. For example, with help from Lok Foundation, Ujjivan is currently participat ing in a pilot program for the urban ultra poor which seeks to equip them with knowledge and skills that will allow them to eventually avail microfinance services. Moreover, the government has also of late turned its focus toward financial inclusion. This means that policy and regulatory attention on microfinance has increased with the government constituting two high-level committees to provide suggestions on how to improve the financial inclusion scenario in India. This new trend will provide impetus to devise strategies for more inclusive growth that makes commercial as well as social sense. PRODUCT OFFERING Thus far, microfinance institutions have largely limited their product and service offering even within the confines of financial inclusion. In fact, their product innovation has been limited to credit which is intended to serve a variety of needs as shown by the box below. The limited product innovation is understandable given the sectors primary focus has been on refining its business model and gaining scale to become financially sustainable. Despite following a single-product model, the sector has experienced remarkable growth. This growth can only be expected to continue as product innovation and diversified service offerings attract and retain greater number of customers with a variety of needs. The very same clients that the sector currently serves have a plethora of alternate needs for basic products and services, financial and non-financial which can affect sustainable, long-term achievements in their quality of life. Fortunately, recognizing this pent-up demand, mature MFI s are beginning to take concrete steps toward expanding their product basket, at least within the context of financial services. Along with credit, MFIs are heavily exploring the possibility of providing savings/deposit services, micro-insurance and remittance services. SAVINGS Access to a savings mechanism, like that which is available through commercial banks, is usually held by the microfinance industry to be the most urgent need to enhance the economic security of the poor. Due to RBI regulations, Non Banking Microfinance Company (NBFC) MFIs cannot currently accept interest-bearing deposits, unless they provide the service through a Section 25 Business Correspondent conduit. This structure prohibits the conduit from charging any fees to execute this function and limits its reach within a limited radius of the bank branch. MFIs are lobbying the RBI to relax these regulations to allow NBFCs to operate as business correspondents, charge an extra fee for the deposit-taking service and delimit the geographical reach of their operations. These changes would not only make deposits a viable commercial product, but also allow MFIs to offer it to a broader set of clients. INSURANCE While credit can serve to enhance a households income, insurance can serve to cushion the negative economic impact in the event of an emergency. Without insurance, a single incident can often impoverish a household, even with access to micro-credit, especially if the emergency affects the main earning members. A number of MFIs already offer micro-insurance products to their clients. The most basic products insure against health and accidental death. Companies such as Satin and BASIX usually tie the insurance products to their credit products, which makes the availability of credit contingent on the client availing insurance. The rationale behind packaging the loan and insurance together is that often clients do not understand the importance or benefit of insurance until they face an emergency. From a commercial viewpoint, the MFI is in effect insuring its loan against a crisis in the clients household, since insurance hedges against total financial collapse and thus ensures repayme nt of the loan, albeit in a delayed fashion. Similar to customers, BASIX also links livestock loans to livestock insurance for a similar reason it cushions the financial blow and increases the likelihood of a successful loan recovery. We can expect the number of insurance products available to increase as MFIs expand beyond their core credit product and clients become more aware of the benefits of insurance. REMITTANCE Domestic labor migration has a long history in India and is on the rise given disparities in growth across states migrants need a fast, low-cost, convenient, safe and widely accessible money transfer service. In India, remittance services can be enabled by the provision of savings and thus need to be provided in tie ups with banks and post offices. In some cases, MFIs provide remittance services by establishing their presence in a migrant destination to channel remittances back to the community in the migrants area of origin or by establishing a tie-up with another MFI, bank or money transfer company in the area of origin. Going forward, the role of technology will become more important in facilitating the development of alternative channels and payment mechanisms. NON-FINANCIAL PRODUCTS Within product offerings, MFIs are considering expanding their activities beyond the realm of financial services since this can provide synergies linked to future expansion. Microfinance clients have myriads of unmet needs such as healthcare and education as well as livelihood requirements which can enhance their income, employment potential or quality of life. Given MFIs existing relationships with this population segment, they would be an ideal channel to provide these services. While MFIs may not want to delve into product lines that are fundamentally different from their core business, they could easily act as conduits to allow other agents to deliver these services to their customers. The microfinance industry as a whole is now experimenting with a wide variety of potential models that could be used to deliver non-financial services. For example, BASIX offers a host of alternative services to its clients. Beyond the basket of credit and other financial products and services, B ASIX also provides low income customers with livelihood services, including agricultural and business development consulting services, to help microfinance clients use their loans more effectively. BASIX offers these alternative services to its clients through different entities housed under one umbrella. These groups have tremendous synergy and contribute to each others growth and prosperity. The credit business enables customer acquisition, while the insurance business mitigates risk, and agricultural and business development service enables customer retention. The consulting and IT business enhances BASIXs revenues, while the social businesses enable research and development which contribute to BASIXs strategy development. In addition to livelihood services, several MFIs are examining the feasibility of providing critical basic services to deliver low cost healthcare, education and vocational training. For example, Spandana is currently developing a comprehensive low cost heal thcare delivery model focused on the healthcare needs of women and children. BASIX has launched a vocational training academy to impart education in rural development and management to potential job seekers from low income communities. These participants would be deployed in the rural/semi urban areas with BASIX or other organizations offering financial services to the poor. In addition to being important avenues for productive utilization of credit by MFI clients, these types of services have a strong potential.

Globalization The Route to Global Destruction Essay

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Importance of Holistic Care-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: What is a Holistic Care and why it is Important when you working with woman experiencing Infertility. Answer: In the context of contemporary nursing practice, holistic care has garnered considerable attention in terms of providing adequate care to the concerned individuals. Holistic nursing has gained prominence whereby wellbeing of the individual in addition to health promotion and patient centered care is fostered through integration of physiological concepts and therapeutic approaches encompassing emotional, spiritual and psychological healing in case of the patients (Cowling, 2015). In conjunction with traditional nursing approach, the dimension of mind-body-spirit-emotion-environment component is reckoned in holistic nursing to offer optimal care service for the patient population. There is growing volume of evidences regarding the utility of holistic care nursing to address vital issues. One such issue is infertility in women that is considered as the inability to conceive a child and holds serious repercussions that call for prompt and prudent interventions. Women with infertility oft en experience greater psychological impact (Begum Hasan, 2014). However, recently infertility counseling has emerged as a specialist discipline where interdisciplinary professionals intervene for answering the queries and lending adequate support for couples encountering infertility and undergoing medical treatment (Van den Broeck, 2010). Prevalence estimates for infertility has been attended to in order to provide a satisfactory definition through proper demographics and health surveys (Mascarenhas et al., 2012). In the following essay, efforts will be taken to provide a succinct overview on the issue of infertility in women alongside the utility of provision for holistic care in tackling their condition. An insight into the emotional and psychological support for them will be provided in course of the discussions of the essay in conjunction with other available services that will mitigate the problem. The devastating effects of infertility in mental health are matter of concern r equiring attention to cope up with mental-emotional, social and cultural aspects (Nahrin et al., 2017). Thus, the essay will also attend to describe and elucidate such situations with proper examples and suitable references alongside the role of holistic care in combating the condition. Society plays a major role in dictating and governing the lives of women with infertility to large extent. As per the societal norms and standards, in many of the Indigenous societies, the kind of treatment and self-respect experienced by a woman in her own community is often attributed to motherhood. Infertility is considered problematic under such circumstances and leads to differential life experiences among the victim women (Hollos et al., 2009). Pertinent study has highlighted on the issue of low fertility with respect to urban population whereby both primary as well as secondary infertility culminates in causation of serious personal ramifications for women similar to those belonging to rural regions. Both the personal in addition to social ramifications are of significance in bringing forth appropriate changes in the lives of these women (Hollos Larsen, 2008). Lifetime as well as current primary infertility rate in the context of Iran has been presented in relevant literature . Implications in terms of healthcare and service delivery emphasizing on factors such as age at marriage alongside couples fertility potential must be considered for prudent interventions (Vahidi, Ardalan Mohammad, 2009). Role of midwives in caring for women in course of their reproductive life is crucial to guide them in the right direction without posing any threat or harm from injury. Cultural safety that encompasses respecting a womans privacy as well as bodily dignity has been considered vital on the part of midwives to drive positive outcomes (Bennett, 2017). Other case reports suggestive of primary infertility in women have indicated on the use of in-vitro fertilization as well as other assistive reproductive technology to help in conception (Legro et al., 2016). Other societal factors that contributes majorly in terms of highlighting and determining the issue of infertility has also been presented in relevant study. Findings have revealed that infertility treatment is depe ndent on the financial resources that in turn determines the choice of treatment type that a woman is likely to access (Farley Ordovensky Staniec Webb, 2007). Thus, the societal influence on women with infertility is of importance in gauging the role of holistic care meant for improving the overall condition of women particularly emphasizing on their wellbeing. Unlike any other profession, the midwives share great responsibilities in assisting the women in a befitting manner so that they do not have to encounter with major hindrances in coping up with their conditions. However, in order to perceive their roles in making suitable care approaches, it is necessary to understand the condition of infertile women. It has been cited in literatures that women with infertility face negative experiences because of the ingrained societal beliefs, stigma and discriminating attitude with respect to fertility and reproduction. As a result the quality of life of these women get severely affected thereby necessitating the need of raising public awareness regarding negative consequences of infertility through active engagement of healthcare professionals (Daibes et al., 2017). Recent decades have witnessed unprecedented changes in the development of assisted reproductive technology that have casted rays of hope in the couples having issues with normal conce ption. Fertility treatment has advanced quite a bit contributing to the lives of the infertile couple who cannot have child through the normal physiological process. Access to care services has become common that in turn has optimized the quality of life for the service recipients (Collura Stevenson, 2016). Further, study has brought to the forefront that infertile women are more likely to experience emotional problems ranging from depression, anxiety, psychosomatic disorders, obsession, hysteria and phobia. Thus, the urgency to foster suitable supportive educational program for creating awareness regarding infertility has been felt more strongly. Education coupled with adequate awareness might streamline the actions directed towards overall wellbeing and improvement of the affected individuls (Yakout, Talaat Fayad, 2016). Although, infertility is essentially recognized as a biomedical issue, yet the mental health issue associated with the condition is of relevance and importance as it dictates the overall wellbeing of the individual. Research has focused on multiple aspects whereby effectiveness of various interventions has been investigated and widely explored to provide an insight on the issue of infertility. Study conducted on infertile women has revealed that mindfulness based cognitive group therapy (MBCT) is fruitful in marital satisfaction and mental health in case of infertile women. Consultation services in liaison with proper trainings for the infertile couple have the potential of alleviating their problems to certain extent (Shargh et al., 2016). Holistic care approach resorts to address the psychological, emotional, spiritual, societal and environmental needs thereby ensuring wholesome recovery of the patient. In this respect, a cross-sectional study conducted on women having diminished ovarian reserve in contrast to those diagnosed with anatomical cause of infertility has been conducted to examine the magnitude and predictors of emotional reactions. Infertility distress was found to be greater in women with diminished ovarian syndrome as opposed to those diagnosed with anatomical cause of fertility (Nicoloro-SantaBarbara et al., 2017). In subsequent study, it has been shown that quality of life and emotional status of infertile women both during and after fertility problems show stark differences in comparison to their partners. Thus, women are predisposed to the risk of encountering emotional problems thereby inviting suitable interventions to mitigate the issues (Huppelschoten et al., 2013). Studies conducted with respect to understanding about the perceptions and experiences of the infertile women in receiving care and other fertility services. A prudent study brought to the forefront that infertile women experience discrepancies in terms of receiving the support they desire in contrast to what they actually receive from their friends, family, spouses, online sources and medical professionals. Thus, support adequacy is advocated through utilization of positioning social support as dynamic resource to combat the effects of infertility in women (High Steuber, 2014). Thus, the provision of psychosocial care is of importance to facilitate the support for those experiencing infertility and medically assisted reproduction. Study has shown that psychosocial care is of paramount importance for catering to the diverse needs of the target population. Needs may range from behavioral, relational, emotional and cognitive. Therefore following of suitable guidelines that has the potential of ameliorating stress and concerns about medical procedures that in turn is likely to enhance the lifestyle outcomes, fertility related knowledge, wellbeing of the patient and conformance with the treatment agenda (Gameiro et al., 2015). Therefore, holistic midwifery nursing is of profound importance as it adopts meticulous and pertinent approaches to combat the issues concerning infertile women and account for holistic improvement of their outcomes. Infertility is commonly attributed with distress that impairs the health condition of the lives of couples. Moreover, physical and marital health of infertile women often is determined by the sexual function of this population. However, appropriate research has shown that in case of infertile women, sexual dysfunction is high. The women experiencing secondary infertility are more likely to suffer from impaired sexual functioning in contrast to ones suffering from primary infertility (Tanha, Mohseni Ghajarzadeh, 2014). Across recent researches, empirical evidences have been presented whereby association between stress of fertility treatment and pregnancy rates and patient dropouts are prominent. Nevertheless, psychological interventions constituting coping skills training as well as stress management has harbored positive outcomes in terms of managing infertility patients. Mitigation of distress, loss of control, disruption in developmental trajectory and stigmatization may be attain ed through therapeutic intervention which stand for holistic healing of patient (Cousineau Domar, 2007). Further study has provided a sneak peek into the issue of prevalence of psychiatric disorders among the infertile men and women who are undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. The study outcomes has revealed that mood disorders are common among both men and women who are undergoing IVF treatment. Another alarming outcome revealed that majority of such patients having psychiatric disorder was undiagnosed and untreated (Volgsten et al., 2008). Another relevant study brought to the forefront the relationship between perceived stigma, disclosure patterns, support and distress as experienced by the new attendees in the infertility clinic. Results of the study demonstrated that higher levels of distress might be seen in case of women who have been exposed to greater disclosure. Support for people having fertility problems must be attended to in relation to stigma and wider social context. Distress is quite rampant among these population owing to the negative impacts due to stigma attached to the issue of infertility in women (Slade et al., 2007). Therefore, in order to combat these issues and advocate good practices for the nurses and other healthcare professionals, it is imperative to streamline the healthcare services in a manner where infrastructures are well equipped and the staffs are empowered with proper training and competencies thereby ensuring holistic recovery for the intended audience. Further studies have laid emphasis on the perception of control, coping and psychological stress as experienced by infertile women undergoing IVF. Results of this insightful study depicted that avoidance coping may be attributed to low perception of controllability. Moreover both this confounding factors added to the experience of stress in the concerned population of infertile women. Therefore, it is pivotal to arrange for suitable remedies and implement interventions that might benefit infertile women undergoing treatment for altering their coping skills and enhancement of sense of control (Gourounti et al., 2012). Empathetic understanding and consideration on the part of the medical advisors and counselors might lessen the burden of infertility experience among the couples or at individual level. Couple counselors have been identified as competent professional who holds the authority and ability to guide these people in leading a better life overcoming the challenges faced due to infertility. Physical, social and emotional responses to the infertility experiences need to be dealt adeptly so that holistic outcomes in relation to the patient may be generated of which mental health status of infertile women is of significance (Peterson, Gold Feingold, 2007). Further, the association between anxiety and infertility related stress in men and women has been confirmed in suitable study that revealed the presence of greater degree of anxiety and infertility stress among women than men (Peterson, Newton Feingold, 2007). Thus, it is evident that the risks for infertile women is higher in contrast to men thereby necessitating the urgency for suitable interventions that will aim to address their issues and arrive at resolutions accordingly. In view of the plethora of findings concerning infertility in women, efforts must be strategized so that optimal wellbeing and holistic care may be directed to this population with the aim of mitigating their psychological and emotional problems. Lack of training and insight on matter related to infertility in women must be dealt adequately by arranging for educational programs and awareness campaigns that will attend to the issues relevant to infertile women more rigorously References Begum, B. N., Hasan, S. (2014). Psychological problems among women with infertility problem: a comparative study. J Pak Med Assoc, 64(11), 1287-91. Bennett, L. R. (2017). Indigenous healing knowledge and infertility in Indonesia: Learning about cultural safety from Sasak midwives. Medical anthropology, 36(2), 111-124. Collura, B., Stevenson, E. L. (2016). CHALLENGES TO INFERTILITY ADVOCACY IN THE UNITED STATES: DEFINING INFERTILITY AND BARRIERS TO ACCESS TO CARE. Fertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART): Theory, Research, Policy and Practice for Health Care Practitioners, 191. Cousineau, T. M., Domar, A. D. (2007). Psychological impact of infertility. Best Practice Research Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology, 21(2), 293-308. Cowling, W. R. (2015). Evolving and enduring topics in holistic nursing. Daibes, M. A., Safadi, R. R., Athamneh, T., Anees, I. F., Constantino, R. E. (2017). Half a woman, half a man; that is how they make me feel: a qualitative study of rural Jordanian womens experience of infertility. Culture, Health Sexuality, 1-15. Farley Ordovensky Staniec, J., Webb, N. J. (2007). Utilization of infertility services: how much does money matter?. Health services research, 42(3p1), 971-989. Gameiro, S., Boivin, J., Dancet, E., de Klerk, C., Emery, M., Lewis-Jones, C., ... Wischmann, T. (2015). ESHRE guideline: routine psychosocial care in infertility and medically assisted reproductiona guide for fertility staff. Human Reproduction, 30(11), 2476-2485. Gourounti, K., Anagnostopoulos, F., Potamianos, G., Lykeridou, K., Schmidt, L., Vaslamatzis, G. (2012). Perception of control, coping and psychological stress of infertile women undergoing IVF. Reproductive biomedicine online, 24(6), 670-679. High, A. C., Steuber, K. R. (2014). An examination of support (in) adequacy: Types, sources, and consequences of social support among infertile women. Communication Monographs, 81(2), 157-178. Hollos, M., Larsen, U. (2008). Motherhood in sub?Saharan Africa: The social consequences of infertility in an urban population in northern Tanzania. Culture, Health Sexuality, 10(2), 159-173. Hollos, M., Larsen, U., Obono, O., Whitehouse, B. (2009). The problem of infertility in high fertility populations: meanings, consequences and coping mechanisms in two Nigerian communities. Social science medicine, 68(11), 2061-2068. Huppelschoten, A. G., Van Dongen, A. J. C. M., Verhaak, C. M., Smeenk, J. M. J., Kremer, J. A. M., Nelen, W. L. D. M. (2013). Differences in quality of life and emotional status between infertile women and their partners. Human Reproduction, 28(8), 2168-2176. Legro, R. S., Hurtado, R. M., Kilcoyne, A., Roberts, D. J. (2016). Case 28-2016: A 31-Year-Old Woman with Infertility. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(11), 1069-1077. Mascarenhas, M. N., Cheung, H., Mathers, C. D., Stevens, G. A. (2012). Measuring infertility in populations: constructing a standard definition for use with demographic and reproductive health surveys. Population health metrics, 10(1), 17. Nahrin, N. E., Ashraf, F., Nessa, K., Alfazzaman, M., Anwary, S. A., Abedin, S. A. A., Rahman, M. M. (2017). The Emotional-Psyc hological Consequences of Infertility and Its Treatment. Medicine Today, 29(1), 42-44. Nicoloro-SantaBarbara, J. M., Lobel, M., Bocca, S., Stelling, J. R., Pastore, L. M. (2017). Psychological and emotional concomitants of infertility diagnosis in women with diminished ovarian reserve or anatomical cause of infertility. Fertility and Sterility. Peterson, B. D., Gold, L., Feingold, T. (2007). The experience and influence of Infertility: Considerations for Couple Counselors. The family journal, 15(3), 251-257. Peterson, B. D., Newton, C. R., Feingold, T. (2007). Anxiety and sexual stress in men and women undergoing infertility treatment. Fertility and sterility, 88(4), 911-914. Shargh, N. A., Bakhshani, N. M., Mohebbi, M. D., Mahmudian, K., Ahovan, M., Mokhtari, M., Gangali, A. (2016). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Group Therapy on Marital Satisfaction and General Health in Woman With Infertility. Global journal of health science, 8(3), 230. Slade, P., O'Neill, C., Simpson, A. J., Lashen, H. (2007). The relationship between perceived stigma, disclosure patterns, support and distress in new attendees at an infertility clinic. Human Reproduction, 22(8), 2309-2317. Tanha, F. D., Mohseni, M., Ghajarzadeh, M. (2014). Sexual function in women with primary and secondary infertility in comparison with controls. International journal of impotence research, 26(4), 132. Vahidi, S., Ardalan, A., Mohammad, K. (2009). Prevalence of primary infertility in the Islamic Republic of Iran in 2004-2005. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 21(3), 287-293. Van den Broeck, U., Emery, M., Wischmann, T., Thorn, P. (2010). Counselling in infertility: individual, couple and group interventions. Patient education and counseling, 81(3), 422-428. Volgsten, H., Skoog Svanberg, A., Ekselius, L., Lundkvist, ., Sundstrm Poromaa, I. (2008). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in infertile women and men undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment. Human Reproduction, 23(9), 2056-2063. Yakout, S. M., Talaat, M., Fayad, E. M. (2016). Emotional problems of Infertile Egyptian women. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 7(1), 146.

Creon is the Tragic Hero of in Sophocles Antigone Essay Example For Students

Creon is the Tragic Hero of in Sophocles Antigone Essay Antigone essays Creon is the Tragic Hero of Antigone Ladies and gentlemen of the jury, I am here today to argue the title of tragic hero in the play Antigone by Sophocles. I would like to start off by saying that it will be extremely difficult for me to have the passion that I usually have because of my client. My clients ruthless leadership disgusts me in the worst way. But I will still stand in front of you, the jury, and defend my client. As I said before I am here to argue the title of tragic hero in the play Antigone. I could see that some of you are dazzled by the word tragic hero. No need to worry for I will enlighten you. The great Aristotle was one of the first men who defined a tragic hero. His definition is not a rule for what tragedy should be, but it is a description of what he believed tragedy was. According to Aristotle a tragic hero must have these qualities to qualify as one. A tragic hero is neither good nor bad. Along with being neutral in his stance, a tragic hero must also be born into royalty. A tragic hero could never be of the common folk. In addition to this a tragic hero must suffer a large fall from good grace. By this he means that a fall that brings him down to earth. A tragic hero also has some type of flaw. Whether it is a character flaw such as pride and ego or the character must make an error of judgment or a mistake. With the tragic flaw the character must also recognize the flaw that they have made. In other words, they have to be enlightened. The audience is then supposed to feel pity and fear for the tragic hero because of his tumultuous journey. The tragic hero also is supposed to inspire catharsis in the audience. In some respects Creon is seen as good but with others as bad. The large fall that Creon took was the fall from the good grace of being a respected king. Your people are beginning to question your judgment and are beginning to side with Antigone. (Scene 2, Lines 256-257) This is the preliminary stage of Creons dawdling fall from authority. His family may see him as a fine leader, but the people who are under his authority see him as an unfit ruler to lead them. He is beginning to be questioned by his own people which foreshadows unrest and calamity within his own family. The idea of him loosing control of him own dynastic rule, sets the stage for the large fall that this tragic hero is supposed to encounter. A tragic hero is supposed to either have a character flaw or an error of judgment. In the play, Creon has two flaws. He has the character flaw of willful arrogance and his unyielding behavior and he has the flaw of making and error of judgment when he passes the proclamation. He realizes his character flaw when he states, Oh it is hard to give in! But it is worse to risk everything for stubborn pride. (Scene 5, Lines 93-94) This is the point in the play where Creon realizes his mistake and begins to change as Teiresias has told him to. This is important because he mentions the difficulty he has going against his stubborn pride. The error of judgment is when he passes the proclamation without proper justification. His personal vengeance gets involved with his business affairs which cause him to make this fatal error. After Haimon states, The wisest man will let himself be swayed by others wisdom and relaxes in time, (Scene 3, Lines 234-235) Creon begins to feel guilt because he passed the proclamation blindly, without paying attention to the views of others. He passed the proclamation solely on his beliefs. .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 , .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .postImageUrl , .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 , .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4:hover , .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4:visited , .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4:active { border:0!important; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4:active , .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4 .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u967f8fbf665f150dc03b1213082ffbe4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Macbeth Analysis Analysis EssayAlong with a character flaw, a tragic hero must realize the fall. Creon truly realizes his fall when he states, I cant fight against whats destined.. .I must personally undo what I have done. I shouldnt .

Muscle Stimulation Lab free essay sample

1. Based on the results of your investigation, what conclusions can you draw about the relationship between a muscles workload and its threshold of stimulation? The conclusions I was able to determine about the muscle’s workload and its threshold of stimulation was that the threshold stimulus will increase by one when the workload doubles. The muscles can hold a higher workload if they originally have a higher threshold of stimulation with no workload at all. 2. Why would a muscles threshold of stimulation change as its Workload changes? A muscle’s threshold of stimulation changes as its workload changes because the muscle needs more stimulation and more power to contract. 3. Which muscles were able to contract under the greatest loads? What does this suggest about the role these muscles play in frog movement? The thigh and calf were the muscles that were able to contract under the greatest loads. This suggests that these muscles help the frog the most when jumping. We will write a custom essay sample on Muscle Stimulation Lab or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are able to hold the weight of the whole frog as it prepares to jump. 4. Describe an experiment you might perform to determine which leg muscles of a frog are important for jumping long distances. An experiment would be to find a live frog and observe their jumping to see which muscles are being used for jumping. The frog should not be harmed in this experiment, it will only be observed. The jumping can be recorded by video and can be replayed in slow motion to carefully see which muscles are being used. 5. What are some advantages of performing this experiment in a simulated environment? Some advantages of performing this experiment in a simulated environment are that, first and foremost, no animals are being hurt or inured. In addition, we are still getting correct observations and we can see each muscle clearly.

What to Do When You Miss Class

What to Do When You Miss Class Regardless of how good a student you are, how detail-oriented, hard working, or diligent, you can be certain that you will miss a class at some point in your academic career. And likely many more than one. There are many reasons for missing classes, ranging from illness, emergencies, and bereavement, to hangovers and a desire to sleep in. Why you missed class matters. If it was for irresponsible reasons, your absence signals that you need to take a closer look at your obligations and priorities. What do you do after missing class? Do you just show up at the next class and start fresh? What about material that youve missed? Do you talk to professors? 7 Things To Do When You Miss Class (Before and After Your Absence) 1 . Understand that some faculty, especially graduate faculty, take offense at absences for any reason. Period. They might be a bit more warm to students who were gravely ill, but dont count on it. And dont take it personally. At the same time, some faculty​ members  dont want a reason for your absence. Try to determine where your prof stands and let that guide your behavior. 2. Be aware of attendance, late work, and make-up policies. This information should be listed in your course syllabus. Some faculty​ members  dont accept late work or offer make-up exams, regardless of the reason. Others offer opportunities to make up for lost work  but have very strict policies about when they will accept make-up work. Read the syllabus to ensure that you dont miss any opportunities. 3. Ideally, email your professor before class. If youre ill or have an emergency, try to send an email to inform the professor that you cannot attend class and, if you wish, provide an excuse. Be professional - offer a concise explanation without going into personal details. Ask whether you may stop by his or her office during office hours to pick up any handouts. If possible, hand in assignments beforehand, by email (and offer to hand in a hard copy when youre back on campus, but an emailed assignment shows that its completed on time). 4. If you cannot email before class, do so afterward. 5. Never ask if you missed anything important. Most faculty  members feel that class time itself is important. This is a surefire way to make a professors eyes roll (maybe inwardly, at least!) 6. Do not ask the professor to go over what you missed. The professor lectured and discussed the material in class and likely will not do it for you now. Instead, demonstrate that you care and are willing to try by reading the course material and handouts, and then ask questions and seek help for the material that you dont understand. This is a more productive use of your (and the professors) time. It also demonstrates initiative. 7. Turn to your classmates for information about what happened in class and ask that they share their notes. Be sure to read more than one students notes because students have different perspectives and might miss some points. Read notes from several students and youre more likely to get a complete picture of what happened in class. Dont let a missed class damage your relationship with your professor or your standing.

Parental Role in Juvenile Delinquency Research Paper

Parental Role in Juvenile Delinquency - Research Paper Example   Failure of parents to assert themselves not just as role models, but also as disciplinary figures within the family structure culminates in complete failure of a child (Tyler 785). Anna Tyler’s â€Å"Teenage Wasteland Short Story† is an excellent illustration of this scenario. In this book a parent, Daisy, fails to raise her son appropriately, instead opting to transfer this responsibility to a tutor, leading to his failure at school and eventual escape from home (Tyler 786). Tyler’s book confirms the imperative role that a parent should play, by motivating a child, executing appropriate disciplinary measures and establishing a positive relationship based on affection and trust, all in the effort of guaranteeing a smooth transition from childhood to adulthood. Based on research conducted by Fletcher, Steinberg, and Williams-Wheeler (769-772), children that have positive relations with their guardians, have a high likelihood of disclosing information concernin g their struggles with troubling issues. As a result, they would consult their parents for solutions, before the problem escalates. Additionally, such constructive parent and child relations most likely exist within families where parents depict warmth and offer support to the children. This is, however, not the case in Anne Tyler’s short story â€Å"Teenage Wasteland†. The teenage character, Donny, is completely unmotivated performing poorly in his academic work. When Daisy, Donny’s concerned mother, notices the poor grades she employs a private tutor named Cal, in order to help him improve his grades (787-789). For a responsible parent, the most logical step would have been to question Donny about his performance, in order to establish the cause of the problem and find out how she could help. Shifting parental responsibility to someone else is neither a reflection of affection nor support. Another negative relationship is that between Cal and Donny since he ac ts more like a friend than an adult figure. Further, Cal does not motivate Donny to perform better or to make responsible decisions. Because of the absence of a constructive relationship between Donny and his role models, coupled with the latter’s failure to adhere to proper success guidelines, the teen’s performance deteriorates further and his bad behavior worsens. Based on research conducted by Stattin and Kerr (1072-1079) parents’ self-confidence inspires children to have higher self-esteem, since they believe that if their parents can achieve something, then they are capable of doing the same. Additionally, when parents assert themselves as firm and capable of handling situations, this also encourages children to rely entirely on them. Clearly, this is not the case in â€Å"Teenage Wasteland†, since Daisy lacks confidence in her parenting capabilities.